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Biological control is recorded around 300 AD in China, when colonies of weaver ants, Oecophylla smaragdina, were intentionally put in citrus plantations to control beetles and caterpillars.5 Also in China, ducks were used in paddy fields to consume insects, as exemplified in ancient cave art. In 1762, an Indian mynah was introduced to Mauritius to control locusts, and roughly the exact same time, citrus trees in Burma were connected with bamboos to permit ants to pass between them and help control caterpillars.
Biological pest control is a way of controlling pests such as insects and fleas by using different organisms.8 It depends on predation, parasitism, herbivory or other natural mechanisms, but typically also involves an active human management role. Classical biological control involves the introduction of natural enemies of the pest that are bred in the lab and released into the environment.
Ideally, the released organism will breed and survive, and provide long-term control.9 Biological control can be an important component of an integrated pest management programme. .
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For instance: mosquitoes are often controlled by putting Bt Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. Israelensis, a bacterium which infects and kills mosquito larvae, in local water sources.10
Mechanical pest control is the use of hands-on techniques as well as simple equipment and devices, that provides a protective barrier between plants and insects. This is referred to as tillage and is one of the earliest methods of weed control in addition to being used for pest control; wireworms, the creatures of the common click beetle, are extremely destructive pests of newly ploughed grassland, and perennial cultivation exposes them to the birds and other predators which feed on them.11.
Crop rotation can help to control pests by depriving them of their host plants. It's an important strategy in the control of corn rootworm, and has reduced early season incidence of Colorado potato beetle by up to 95%.12
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A trap crop is a crop of a plant that attracts pests, diverting them from nearby plants.13 Pests aggregated on the trap crop can be more easily controlled using pesticides or alternative methods.14 But trap-cropping, on its own, has often neglected to price effectively reduce insect densities on big commercial scales, without using pesticides, possibly as a result of pests' ability to disperse back into the main area.14.
Pesticides are applied to crops by agricultural aircraft, tractor-mounted crop sprayers or as seed dressings to control insects. But successful control by pesticides is not easy; the ideal formulation has to be chosen, the timing is often crucial, the procedure of application is important, adequate coverage and retention on the crop are necessary.
This is very important in countries where there are natural reservoirs of pests and their enemies in the countryside surrounding plantation crops, and these co-exist in a delicate balance. Often in less-developed countries, the crops are well adapted to the local situation and no pesticides are needed. Where innovative farmers are using fertilisers to develop enhanced crop varieties, these are often more vulnerable to pest damage, but the indiscriminate application of pesticides might be detrimental in the longer term.15.
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The efficacy of chemical pesticides tends to diminish over time. That is because any organism that manages to survive the initial application will pass on its genes to its offspring and a resistant strain will be developed. In this manner, a number of the most serious pests have developed resistance and therefore are no longer killed by pesticides that used to kill their ancestors.
